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100 unusual facts about Supreme Court of the United States


1963 Pulitzer Prize

Anthony Lewis of The New York Times, for his distinguished reporting of the proceedings of the United States Supreme Court during the year, with particular emphasis on the coverage of the decision in the reapportionment case and its consequences in many of the States of the Union.

A Planet for the President

At a later point in the novel, the President's inner circle will even launch a chemical attack on the unsuspecting—and innocent—Justices of the Supreme Court, all nine of whom will be killed in the attack.

Ackley, Iowa

The Iowa state constitution was amended in 1882, making the production and sale of alcoholic beverages illegal within the state (i.e. Iowa became a “dry state.”) The Supreme Court declared the amendment unconstitutional in 1883, but the Iowa legislature then passed another very strict prohibition law.

ADA Amendments Act of 2008

Passed on September 17, 2008, and signed into law by President George W. Bush on September 25, 2008, the ADAAA was a response to a number of decisions by the Supreme Court that had interpreted the original text of the ADA.

ADA Litigation in the United States

The Supreme Court denied a writ of certiorari petition in Danisha Tetreault, et al. v. Elaine Houghton, et al.

Adam Winkler

His writing on the right to bear arms, which is notable for its middle-of-the-road position—recognizing both the individual right to possess firearms and the legitimacy of effective gun control—has been cited by the U.S. Supreme Court and numerous lower courts.

Benjamin Ogle Tayloe

Tayloe's lease to Willard later generated an important case before the Supreme Court of the United States.

Blue Chip Stamps

In 1975, a lawsuit filed by Blue Chip Stamps was decided by the Supreme Court in the opinion Blue Chip Stamps v. Manor Drug Stores.

Boston Sugar Refinery

This was the first prosecution brought in front of the Supreme Court under the Sherman Act.

Bowman v. Monsanto Co.

Clarence Thomas, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, had formerly served as a lawyer for the Monsanto Corporation.

Bruce Karsh

Following law school Karsh served as an appellate clerk to current Supreme Court of the United States justice Anthony M. Kennedy.

Bruno Bernard

In the early 1950s, Bernard fought obscenity charges that ended with a case in the U. S. Supreme Court.

Bryant Bowles

In May 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racially segregated public schools were unconstitutional.

California Criminal Syndicalism Act

One of the Act's most well-known convictions was that of Charlotte Anita Whitney, which led to the Act being upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in Whitney v. California (1927), which was itself explicitly overturned in Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), effectively declaring the Act unconstitutional.

Capital punishment in Louisiana

The Supreme Court, however, ruled it unconstitutional on 25 June 2008 in Kennedy v. Louisiana, saying "there is a distinction between intentional first-degree murder on the one hand and nonhomicide crimes against individual persons".

Carl Marzani

He was convicted on 22 June 1947, but nine counts were overturned on appeal, while the Supreme Court split 4-4 on a rare rehearing of the last two charges.

Chickasaw, Alabama

It was the subject of a Supreme Court of the United States decision (Marsh v. Alabama, 326 U.S. 501 (1946)), which stated that despite being a privately owned town, because it functioned as a town open to the public, the right conferred by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution cannot be abridged.

Child pornography laws in the United States

In May 2008, the Supreme Court upheld the 2003 federal law Section 2252A(a)(3)(B) of Title 18, United States Code that criminalizes the pandering and solicitation of child pornography, in a 7-to-2 ruling penned by Justice Antonin Scalia.

Christine Comer

In mid 2008, Comer filed a suit in federal court in Austin, Texas, that stated that the policy she was terminated for contravening (which required employees to be neutral on the subject of creationism) was unconstitutional, as the Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that teaching creationism as science in public schools is illegal.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

The Supreme Court of the United States in a nearly unanimous decision declared the act unconstitutional in the Civil Rights Cases (1883) with Justice John Marshall Harlan providing the lone dissent.

Constitutional Carry

The phrase "Constitutional Carry" reflects the view that the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution permits no restrictions or other regulations on gun ownership, although District of Columbia v. Heller, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 2008, suggests that some state or local controls may be allowed, at least as to certain types of weapons.

Courtroom

An exception was the late U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice William Rehnquist, who broke tradition by adorning his robe with four gold stripes on each sleeve.

Daniel T.K. Hurley

He entered George Washington University Law School, and while a law student worked as a legislative aide, in the House Post Office, and attended sessions of Congress and the Supreme Court.

District of Columbia home rule

Efforts to roll back the city's gun laws were curtailed following the June 26, 2008, Supreme Court decision in District of Columbia v. Heller.

Educational segregation in Sunflower County, Mississippi

Green v. County School Board of New Kent County 1968 and Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education 1969 caused the Supreme Court to declare that integration in schools had to accomplished immediately.

Edward Rumely

In the landmark decision of United States v. Rumely, 345 U.S. 41, the Supreme Court upheld a reversal of conviction made by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.

El Rancho Vegas

Stripper Candy Barr was headlining at El Rancho Vegas in 1959 when she was arrested by the FBI after her appeal on a marijuana conviction originating in Texas was rejected by the US Supreme Court.

Elevator Repair Service

As of 2013, ERS is developing two new works for the stage: Arguendo, a staging of the 1991 Supreme Court case Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc., slated to premiere at The Public Theater in September 2013, and Fondly, Collette Richland, with preview performances at the Walker Art Center.

Emily Lyons

In 2005, Lyons appeared in a controversial advertisement opposing the nomination to the Supreme Court of John G. Roberts, who seven years before the bombing had filed a brief opposing the prosecution of abortion clinic blockaders under the federal Ku Klux Klan Act.

Eppley Airfield

The river cut off the oxbow during an 1877 flood, leaving behind Carter Lake on a portion of its former course; the Supreme Court ruled in 1893 that though the land cut off by the river's changed route now lay west of the Missouri, it remained part of Iowa.

Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974

This case was a landmark case during which the U.S Supreme Court made one of its first interpretations of the term "appropriate action".

Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

United States Supreme Court decisions in the late nineteenth century interpreted the amendment narrowly, and by 1910, most black voters in the South faced obstacles such as poll taxes and literacy tests, from which white voters were exempted by grandfather clauses.

Forsyth County, Georgia

Forsyth county subsequently charged large fees for parade permits until the practice was overturned in Forsyth County, Georgia v. The Nationalist Movement (505 U.S. 123) in the Supreme Court of the United States on June 19, 1992.

George Starbuck

He was fired by SUNY-Buffalo for not taking a loyalty oath, but was vindicated in the Supreme Court.

Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research

Thanks to a contribution from the United Auto Workers “The Hand of God” was recast and donated to the city of Detroit in honor of Frank Murphy, Michigan Governor and US Supreme Court Associate Justice.

Gotcha journalism

In 1964, the pivotal U.S. Supreme Court case (New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254) ended most libel protection recourse for public figures in the United States effectively clearing the way for intrusive or adversarial reportage into the public or private affairs of public figures by news media outlets whether newspapers, TV or radio.

Graphē paranómōn

In this it seems to resemble a court of review such as the modern U.S. Supreme Court.

Gwendolyn T. Britt

She was one of five Howard University students who were plaintiffs in civil rights suits that were heard before the Supreme Court arguing for desegregation of the amusement park.

I. Beverly Lake, Sr.

When the United States Supreme Court invited North Carolina to appear as amicus curiae in the famous Brown v. Board of Education case in 1954, Lake argued against it, telling the governor that it was a "diabolical scheme" designed to subject the state directly to whatever orders the Court issued as a consequence of the decision.

Increase Sumner

In 1752 Sumner enrolled in the grammar school in Roxbury, now Roxbury Latin School, where the headmaster was William Cushing, future justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Insanity defense

In Ford v. Wainwright 477 U.S. 399 (1986), the US Supreme Court upheld the common law rule that the insane cannot be executed.

In Foucha v. Louisiana (1992) the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that a person could not be held "indefinitely".

Irene Morgan

After exhausting appeals in state courts, she and her lawyers took her case on constitutional grounds to the federal courts, all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Irvin C. Scarbeck

He tried to appeal his conviction to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Jacob Hacker

Hacker is married to Oona A. Hathaway, a Professor of Law at Yale University and former Supreme Court clerk to Sandra Day O'Connor.

Jagdish Bhagwati

In 2000, Bhagwati was signatory to an amicus briefing, coordinated by the American Enterprise Institute, with the Supreme Court of the United States to contend that the Environmental Protection Agency should, contrary to a prior ruling, be allowed to take into account the costs of regulations when setting environmental standards.

Jefferson County, West Virginia

The question of the constitutionality of the formation of the new state was brought before the Supreme Court of the United States in the following manner: Berkeley and Jefferson County, West Virginia, counties lying on the Potomac east of the mountains, in 1863, with the consent of the Reorganized Government of Virginia, had supposedly voted in favor of annexation to West Virginia.

Jefferson Parish Hospital District No. 2 v. Hyde

Jefferson Parish Hospital District No. 2 v. Hyde, 466 U.S. 2 (1984), is a United States Supreme Court case involving "tying arrangements" and antitrust law.

Jeremy Jaynes

On March 30, 2009, the Supreme Court of the United States refused the Virginia Attorney General's petition for a writ of certiorari to review the decision of the Supreme Court of Virginia overturning the anti-spam statute.

Jerry Falwell, Jr.

Falwell is licensed by the Commonwealth of Virginia to practice law in Virginia, United States District Courts in both Eastern and Western districts of Virginia, the Fourth Circuit of the United States Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court of the United States.

Jimmy Hoffa

Appeals filed by his chief counsel, St. Louis defense attorney Morris Shenker, reached the U.S. Supreme Court.

John Bell Williams

After the Supreme Court issued its Brown v. Board of Education ruling on May 17, 1954, which outlawed racial segregation in public schools, Williams made a speech on the House floor branding the day 'Black Monday'.

Johnny Callison

Callison became a fan favorite in Philadelphia; Supreme Court Justice and lifelong Phillies follower Samuel Alito was one such fan, even stating that while as a boy rooting for the Phillies he "adopted Johnny Callison out there" (in right field).

Johnny Leartice Robinson

Final appeals to the United States Supreme Court challenged the process of lethal injection as cruel and unusual punishment.

Judson C. Clements

It was said of Clements that no opinion written by him was overturned in substance by the Supreme Court of the United States.

Kansas City Public Schools

Missouri v. Jenkins is a case decided by the United States Supreme Court.

Keith P. Ellison

He then clerked for Justice Harry Blackmun on the Supreme Court during the October 1977 term, before entering private practice in Houston, Texas.

Kristen Silverberg

Prior to coming to work for the White House, Silverberg served as a law clerk, first to Appellate Court Judge David B. Sentelle, and later to Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas.

Larry Alan Burns

He stayed his order for 90 days to allow for an appeal of his ruling to the entire United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit or the Supreme Court of the United States .

Lehr und Wehr Verein

As lawyers disputed whether the new law breached the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, Presser became a test case which proceeded through the Criminal Courts, via the Illinois Supreme Court to the Supreme Court of the United States.

Lesser included offense

In the United States, even if any of the states were to eliminate the merger doctrine, a conviction for both an offense and any of its lesser-included offenses, not tried in the same case, might be found to be prohibited by the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution as interpreted by the U.S. Supreme Court in Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932).

Maryland Route 508

Adelina Road continues south as a county highway toward the unincorporated community of Adelina and the historic home Taney Place, which was the birthplace of Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney.

Maury County, Tennessee

Several people were eventually charged with rioting and attempted murder; the main attorney who arrived in Columbia to defend Stephenson in the case was Thurgood Marshall, who would later become the first black United States Supreme Court justice.

McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Comm'n

The Arizona Supreme Court declined to hear the case, and the United States Supreme Court granted certiorari to hear the case.

Mena High School

Feeling the punishment was excessive, the students took legal action, and the case was eventually heard by the Supreme Court of the United States, which ruled that school boards have a responsibility to assure that the constitutional rights of students are upheld.

Michael Hare, 2nd Viscount Blakenham

Through his sister, Joanna Freda Hare, he is a brother-in-law of U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer.

Move to Amend

The nonpartisan group was created in response to the Supreme Court ruling Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission.

National Collegiate women's ice hockey championship

In 1992, the Supreme Court of the United States status cut and when the plaintiffs can ask for compensatory damage to universities and colleges by virtue of the Title IX if the discrimination is deliberate.

National Response Scenario Number One

In the case of an attack on Washington, the president or the presidential successor along with any potential surviving members of Congress, military leadership, department and agency heads, and Supreme Court justices would be high-value rescue targets.

Negligent entrustment

The Supreme Court of the United States has held that negligent entrustment of a vehicle to a person with a criminal reputation will support the state's seizure of that vehicle as a penalty, if it is used in the commission of a crime.

New York City Law Department

Among the better-known cases that the Department has litigated before the U.S. Supreme Court are Goldberg v. Kelly, Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City, Ward v. Rock Against Racism, Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency, and Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York.

Orton Plantation

The elder Maurice was also the grandfather of Supreme Court Associate Justice Alfred Moore.

Paul Cameron

Cameron's testimony went unused, and the law was struck down by the Supreme Court.

Paul Posnak

He has performed at the White House, the US Supreme Court, and the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C.

Paul Schenck

In Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York, Schenck's challenge to a court order prohibiting certain forms of sidewalk counseling went to the Supreme Court in 1996.

Plitt Theatres

Paramount was required to divest the theater chain as a result of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in the case United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. (1948).

Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility

The cross now awaits removal, unless there is a fifth appeal by the Justice Department that could potentially bring the case to the Supreme Court.

Purdy, Missouri

The authority of the school board was upheld by the Supreme Court when it refused to hear a challenge by a group of students and parents.

Safford Unified School District

Safford Unified School District v. Redding, a case involving the strip search of Savana Redding, a 13-year-old student of Safford Middle School, reached the U.S. Supreme Court in 2009.

Samuel Birdsall

Not a candidate for renomination in 1838, Birdsall was admitted to practice before the United States Supreme Court in 1838; and served as district attorney of Seneca County in 1846.

Sau Lan Wu

She first experienced racial discrimination when visiting the Supreme Court and was confronted with the choice of ‘black’ or ‘white’ on the door to the restroom.

Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act

In Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. v. Dabit, 547 U.S. 71 (2006), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that SLUSA operated to preempt state law "holder" claims, which alleged injury based on the prolonged retention of stock due to fraud, as well as claims arising from the fraud-induced purchase or sale of securities.

Separate Car Act

Finally, the case ended in the Supreme Court of the United States in Plessy v. Ferguson with the judgment being upheld, leading to the judicial sanction of "separate but equal".

Shannon McGauley

McGauley believes sodomy and homosexuality are "improper", but said he respects the Supreme Court's 6-3 decision in Lawrence v. Texas which struck down the criminal prohibition of sodomy in Texas.

Show Me!

Show Me! was not the direct subject of the Ferber case, but the book was prominently featured by both sides in the litigation, and it played a significant role in the oral argument before the U.S. Supreme Court.

Sidney Runyan Thomas

Senior White House officials listed Judge Thomas among approximately 10 individuals considered to replace retiring U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice John Paul Stevens.

Sixteenth Street Heights

Others have been dropped or ruled illegal, such as the restriction on the sale of lots to people of color, which was struck down in 1948 by the Supreme Court in Shelley v. Kraemer.

Spencer Haywood

The case went all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court before the NBA agreed to a settlement.

Stanley Fish

In the latter piece, Fish argues that, if one has some answer in mind to the question "what is free speech good for?" along the lines of "in the free and open clash of viewpoints the truth can more readily be known," then it makes no sense to defend deliberate malicious libel (such as that which was at issue in the U.S. Supreme Court case of Hustler Magazine v. Falwell) in the name of "free speech."

Strawberry Islands

The islands and the adjacent Strawberry Channel were part of a border dispute between Wisconsin and Michigan that was eventually resolved in the 1926 United States Supreme Court case Michigan v. Wisconsin.

Sumner Elementary School

Oliver Brown, Linda's father, then joined the class action lawsuit against the Topeka Board of Education that was eventually heard before the Supreme Court.

The Executioner's Song

Notable not only for its portrayal of Gilmore and the anguish surrounding the murders he committed, the book also took a central position in the national debate over the revival of capital punishment by the Supreme Court as Gilmore was the first person in the United States executed since the re-instatement of the death penalty in 1976.

The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge

Prominent New York Times writers have contributed with essays on health, the Supreme Court and war, among other topics.

Thomas Jefferson Building

Senate, House and Supreme Court pages formerly attended school together in the Capitol Page School located on the attic level above the Great Hall.

Todd Tiahrt

"Clarence Thomas, Supreme Court justice, if those circumstances were in place, is it possible that we would be denied his great mind?"

United States presidential primary

A few states once staged a blanket primary, in which voters could vote for one candidate in multiple primaries, but the practice was struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court in the 2000 case of California Democratic Party v. Jones as violating the freedom of assembly guaranteed by the First Amendment.

Vic Eliason

After discovering UPI Supreme Court reporter Julia Brienza (born 1962) was a lesbian and had written a free-lance article on "hate radio" for The Washington Blade, a gay newspaper in Washington, DC.

Walter Nathan Tobriner

He served as president of the board from 1957 to 1961, during which time was responsible for carrying out the Supreme Court decision of 1954 which required the desegregation of public schools.

Why People Believe Weird Things

He closes retelling how a constitutional ban on teaching creationism in public schools was narrowly upheld at the Supreme Court of the United States in 1987.

Wilma Scott Heide

Heide was involved in the Pittsburgh Press case that ended the practice of listing separate help wanted ads for men and women, decided in 1973 by the Supreme Court of the United States in Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations.


1929 World Series

Attending Game 1 was 9-year-old John Paul Stevens, who would grow up to become a Supreme Court Justice.

Albert Lewis Fletcher

He was a staunch advocate of desegregation, supporting the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, and reprimanding Governor Orval Faubus for attempting to prevent desegregation at Little Rock Central High School in 1957.

Cleburne, Texas

In 1985, the city was the petitioner in the U.S. Supreme Court case City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc. after being sued over a special-use permit.

ConnectU

In May 2011, after the Court of Appeals found against the Winklevosses, the twins announced that they would petition the Supreme Court of the United States to hear the case.

Counterintelligence Field Activity

In addition, the Supreme Court of the United States found in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) the right to privacy against government intrusion was protected by the "penumbras" of other Constitutional provisions.

David Westin

After graduation, he served as a law clerk to J. Edward Lumbard of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, and later clerked for Lewis F. Powell of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Dean H. Kenyon

In 1987 in Edwards v. Aguillard the Supreme Court heard a case concerning a Louisiana Law that required "creation science" be taught on an equal basis with evolution in public schools.

Economy Act

In Lynch v. United States, 292 U.S. 571 (1934) and United States v. Jackson, 302 U.S. 628 (1938), the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that Congress had violated federal law in eliminating certain insurance guarantees formerly offered to veterans by the War Risk Insurance Act (as amended December 24, 1919; Chapter 16, Section 12, 41 Stat. 371), and those benefits were restored.

Eugene Volokh

He was a law clerk for Judge Alex Kozinski of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and later for Justice Sandra Day O'Connor of the U.S. Supreme Court.

Faria, California

Faria is the home of several beachfront properties along the Pacific coastline, one of which became the subject of the 1987 US Supreme Court case Nollan v. California Coastal Commission.

Henry Brockholst Livingston

Henry Brockholst Livingston (November 25, 1757 – March 18, 1823) was an American Revolutionary War officer, a justice of the New York Court of Appeals and eventually an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

History of Montgomery, Alabama

After the Supreme Court upheld the ruling in November, the city desegregated the bus system, and the boycott was ended.

Joe Doherty

In August 1991, Doherty was transferred to a federal prison in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, and on 16 January 1992 the Supreme Court of the United States overturned a 1990 Federal Appeals Court ruling by a 5-to-3 decision, paving the way for his deportation.

Jonathan Tasini

Tasini was the lead plaintiff in the case of New York Times Co. v. Tasini, in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (in June 2001) in favor of the copyright claims of writers whose work was republished in electronic databases without their permission.

Joyce L. Kennard

Like her retired counterpart from the Supreme Court of the United States, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, Kennard often asks the first question in a given case.

Leonard I. Garth

Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito clerked for Garth from 1976 to 1977 in his first job out of law school.

LGBT rights in Louisiana

They were rendered unenforceable in 2003 by the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Lawrence v. Texas.

Louie L. Wainwright

He is most famous for being the named respondent in two U.S. Supreme Court cases: Gideon v. Wainwright in which indigents are guaranteed an attorney, and Ford v. Wainwright, in which the Court approved the common law rule prohibiting the execution of the insane.

Mendi Bible

Adams, a former President of the United States and a then-U.S. Representative, was given the Bible as a gift in thanks for his representation of the Mende captives before the Supreme Court, who were freed when the Court ruled in their favor.

National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington, D.C.

This action was eventually overturned in the landmark 1954 Supreme Court decision in Bolling v. Sharpe, which made segregated public schools illegal in the District of Columbia.

Oriole Park

This resulted in the famous Supreme Court decision, in Federal Baseball Club v. National League, that exempted baseball from antitrust laws, a ruling that still stands.

Powerex Corp. v. Reliant Energy Services Inc.

, 551 U.S. 224 (2007), was a case of the Supreme Court of the United States about federal court jurisdiction and foreign sovereigns.

Richard Raysman

Raysman is admitted to the New York and Connecticut State bars, the Supreme Court of the United States, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and the U.S. District Courts for the Eastern and Southern Districts of New York.

Rick Chase

The religious nature of the event was in violation of the U.S. Supreme Court's interpretation of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, and as such the school superintendent said the group would not be permitted to return.

Roger Keith Coleman

The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed the District Court's ruling, as did the Supreme Court of the United States.

Solicitor General

In many states, the Solicitor General also formulates a State's legal position in significant out-of-state cases before the Supreme Court of the United States.

Taney County, Missouri

The county was officially organized on January 4, 1837, and named in honor of Roger Brooke Taney, the fifth Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, most remembered for later delivering the majority opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford.

The John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law

The journal was cited by a recent decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.

Too Young to Die?

His sentence was reversed in May 1987, by the U. S. Supreme Court, in Gray v. Mississippi, 481 U.S. 648, on the basis "a qualified juror was excluded from his trial".

WHOL

The case eventually reached the U.S. Supreme Court, which in 1955 ruled the FCC had acted properly.

Wickliffe Draper

He had also promoted opposition to the desegregation of public schools mandated by the Supreme Court's 1954 decision, Brown v. Board of Education.