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Shortly after the Council of Béziers, in 1246 had forbidden Jewish physicians to practise, Abraham was requested by Alphonse Capet, count of Poitou and Toulouse, and brother of Louis IX of France, to treat him for an infection of the eye.
Through his mother's side of the family, Bertrand was related to the Counts of Toulouse, William IV and Raymond IV of Saint-Gilles, who were his cousins.
In 1096, the Comtat was part of the Margraviate of Provence that was inherited by Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse from William Bertrand of Provence.
At the beginning of his pontificate, he focused on the Albigenses, also known as the Cathars, a sect that had become widespread in southernwestern France, then under the control of local princes, such as the Counts of Toulouse.
He received Saint-Gilles with the title of "count" from his father and displaced his niece Philippa, Duchess of Aquitaine, his brother William IV's daughter, in 1094 from inheriting Toulouse.